Literaturnachweis - Detailanzeige
Autor/inn/en | Guida, Alessandro; Gobet, Fernand; Tardieu, Hubert; Nicolas, Serge |
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Titel | How Chunks, Long-Term Working Memory and Templates Offer a Cognitive Explanation for Neuroimaging Data on Expertise Acquisition: A Two-Stage Framework |
Quelle | In: Brain and Cognition, 79 (2012) 3, S. 221-244
PDF als Volltext |
Sprache | englisch |
Dokumenttyp | gedruckt; online; Zeitschriftenaufsatz |
ISSN | 0278-2626 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.01.010 |
Schlagwörter | Forschungsbericht; Diagnostic Tests; Short Term Memory; Recall (Psychology); Long Term Memory; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Task Analysis; Training; Physiology; Expertise |
Abstract | Our review of research on PET and fMRI neuroimaging of experts and expertise acquisition reveals two apparently discordant patterns in working-memory-related tasks. When experts are involved, studies show activations in brain regions typically activated during long-term memory tasks that are not observed with novices, a result that is compatible with functional brain reorganization. By contrast, when involving novices and training programs, studies show a decrease in brain regions typically activated during working memory tasks, with no functional reorganization. We suggest that the latter result is a consequence of practice periods that do not allow important structures to be completely acquired: knowledge structures (i.e., Ericsson and Kintsch's retrieval structures; Gobet and Simon's templates) and in a lesser way, chunks. These structures allow individuals to improve performance on working-memory tasks, by enabling them to use part of long-term memory as working memory, causing a cerebral functional reorganization. Our hypothesis is that the two brain activation patterns observed in the literature are not discordant, but involve the same process of expertise acquisition in two stages: from decreased activation to brain functional reorganization. The dynamic of these two physiological stages depend on the two above-mentioned psychological constructs: chunks and knowledge structures. (Contains 6 tables and 5 figures.) (As Provided). |
Anmerkungen | Elsevier. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. Tel: 877-839-7126; Tel: 407-345-4020; Fax: 407-363-1354; e-mail: usjcs@elsevier.com; Web site: http://www.elsevier.com |
Begutachtung | Peer reviewed |
Erfasst von | ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC |
Update | 2017/4/10 |