Exploitation of American Indian Symbols: A First Amendment Analysis

Autor/in	Hemmer, Joseph J., Jr.
Titel	Exploitation of American Indian Symbols: A First Amendment Analysis
Quelle	In: American Indian Quarterly, 32 (2008) 2, S.121-140 (20 Seiten) PDF als Volltext Verfügbarkeit
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Zeitschriftenaufsatz
ISSN	0095-182X
Schlagwörter	American Indians; Constitutional Law; American Indian Education; Freedom of Speech; Visual Literacy; Semiotics; Athletics; College Athletics; Ethnic Stereotypes; Court Litigation; Federal Legislation; Income; Business Communication; Cultural Context; Labeling (of Persons) + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? American Indian; Indianer; Staatsrecht; Redefreiheit; Literacy; Visualization; Visualisation; Schreib- und Lesekompetenz; Visualisierung; Semiotik; Leichtathletik; College athletes; Collegesport; Hochschulsport; National stereotype; Nationales Stereotyp; Rechtsstreit; Bundesrecht; Einkommen; Unternehmenskommunikation; Labeling-Ansatz
Abstract	American Indian symbols are used extensively as logos, mascots, nicknames, and trademarks. These images identify postsecondary as well as secondary academic institutions, professional sports franchises, commercial products, and geographic locations. Over the past few decades, efforts have been directed at eliminating or at least reducing the use of American Indian images and terms. In this article, the author examines the current controversy regarding the use of American Indian symbols. He considers arguments offered by both critics and defenders of symbol use and explores whether such customs may be regulated under First Amendment doctrines. The study is divided into two sections: (1) arguments that frame both sides of the controversy and (2) First Amendment analysis in light of six established First Amendment doctrines: (1) offensive words; (2) fighting words; (3) hate speech; (4) group libel; (5) significant governmental interest; and (6) commercial speech. Each concept is described and then applied to the issue of symbol use to determine whether that standard may be used as a basis for regulation. The author concludes that these standards provide little relief to those who would regulate use of American Indian symbols. (Contains 64 notes.) (ERIC).
Anmerkungen	University of Nebraska Press. 1111 Lincoln Mall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0630. Tel: 800-755-1105; Fax: 800-526-2617; e-mail: presswebmail@unl.edu; Web site: http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/catalog/categoryinfo.aspx?cid=163
Erfasst von	ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC
Update	2017/4/10