Shadow Education in Europe: Growing Prevalence, Underlying Forces, and Policy Implications

Autor/in	Bray, Mark
Titel	Shadow Education in Europe: Growing Prevalence, Underlying Forces, and Policy Implications
Quelle	In: ECNU Review of Education, 4 (2021) 3, S.442-475 (34 Seiten) PDF als Volltext (1); PDF als Volltext kostenfreie Datei (2) Verfügbarkeit
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Zeitschriftenaufsatz
ISSN	2096-5311
DOI	10.1177/2096531119890142
Schlagwörter	Foreign Countries; Geographic Regions; Tutoring; Private Education; Cultural Influences; Political Influences; Commercialization; Incidence; Teaching Methods; Socioeconomic Influences; High Stakes Tests; Student Motivation; Teacher Characteristics; Teacher Qualifications; Educational Policy; Compliance (Legal); Partnerships in Education; Elementary Secondary Education; European Union; Asia + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Ausland; Förderkonzept; Nachhilfeunterricht; Privatunterricht; Cultural influence; Kultureinfluss; Political influence; Politischer Einfluss; Vorkommen; Teaching method; Lehrmethode; Unterrichtsmethode; Sozioökonomischer Faktor; Schulische Motivation; Lehrqualifikation; Politics of education; Bildungspolitik; Hochschulpartnerschaft; Asien
Abstract	Purpose: Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has long been visible in East Asia, and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe. This article maps the phenomenon, showing variations within Europe and analyzing its growth, underlying forces, and policy implications. Design/Approach/Methods: The article assembles a regional picture from available national sources. It focuses on the 28 members of the European Union. Findings: Within Europe, four subregions may be identified. Most prominent for the longest duration has been Southern Europe, pushed by political forces and cultural factors. In Eastern Europe, shadow education became prominent following the collapse of the Soviet Union and accompanying economic and social structures during which teachers and others had to earn extra incomes. In Western Europe, the advent of marketization alongside government schooling has fueled the growth of shadow education. Only in Northern Europe does shadow education remain modest in scale, but it is growing there too. Originality/Value: The article identifies forces underlying the growth of shadow education in Europe and highlights policy implications. By contributing this regional perspective to the wider literature on shadow education, the article permits juxtaposition with patterns in East Asia and elsewhere. (As Provided).
Anmerkungen	SAGE Publications. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320. Tel: 800-818-7243; Tel: 805-499-9774; Fax: 800-583-2665; e-mail: journals@sagepub.com; Web site: http://sagepub.com
Erfasst von	ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC
Update	2024/1/01