Learning Problem-Solving Rules as Search through a Hypothesis Space

Autor/inn/en	Lee, Hee Seung; Betts, Shawn; Anderson, John R.
Titel	Learning Problem-Solving Rules as Search through a Hypothesis Space
Quelle	In: Cognitive Science, 40 (2016) 5, S.1036-1079 (44 Seiten) PDF als Volltext Verfügbarkeit
Zusatzinformation	Weitere Informationen
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Zeitschriftenaufsatz
ISSN	0364-0213
DOI	10.1111/cogs.12275
Schlagwörter	Problem Solving; Hypothesis Testing; Experiments; Cognitive Processes; Computation; Instructional Effectiveness; Teaching Methods; Verbal Communication; Scaffolding (Teaching Technique); Models; Bias; Memory; Markov Processes; Data; Probability; Instructional Design + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Problemlösen; Hypothesenprüfung; Hypothesentest; Erprobung; Cognitive process; Kognitiver Prozess; Unterrichtserfolg; Teaching method; Lehrmethode; Unterrichtsmethode; Analogiemodell; Gedächtnis; Markowscher Prozess; Daten; Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung; Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie; Lesson concept; Lessonplan; Unterrichtsentwurf
Abstract	Learning to solve a class of problems can be characterized as a search through a space of hypotheses about the rules for solving these problems. A series of four experiments studied how different learning conditions affected the search among hypotheses about the solution rule for a simple computational problem. Experiment 1 showed that a problem property such as computational difficulty of the rules biased the search process and so affected learning. Experiment 2 examined the impact of examples as instructional tools and found that their effectiveness was determined by whether they uniquely pointed to the correct rule. Experiment 3 compared verbal directions with examples and found that both could guide search. The final experiment tried to improve learning by using more explicit verbal directions or by adding scaffolding to the example. While both manipulations improved learning, learning still took the form of a search through a hypothesis space of possible rules. We describe a model that embodies two assumptions: (1) the instruction can bias the rules participants hypothesize rather than directly be encoded into a rule; (2) participants do not have memory for past wrong hypotheses and are likely to retry them. These assumptions are realized in a Markov model that fits all the data by estimating two sets of probabilities. First, the learning condition induced one set of Start probabilities of trying various rules. Second, should this first hypothesis prove wrong, the learning condition induced a second set of Choice probabilities of considering various rules. These findings broaden our understanding of effective instruction and provide implications for instructional design. (As Provided).
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Erfasst von	ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC
Update	2020/1/01