Birth Cohort and the Black-White Achievement Gap: The Roles of Access and Health Soon After Birth. WP2008-20

Autor/inn/en	Chay, Kenneth Y.; Guryan, Jonathan; Mazumder, Bhashkar
Institution	Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, IL.
Titel	Birth Cohort and the Black-White Achievement Gap: The Roles of Access and Health Soon After Birth. WP2008-20
Quelle	(2009), (82 Seiten) PDF als Volltext kostenfreie Datei Verfügbarkeit
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Monographie
Schlagwörter	Cohort Analysis; Achievement Gap; Racial Differences; Hospitals; Health Services; Body Weight; Infants; Mortality Rate; Data Analysis; Longitudinal Studies; Access to Health Care; Context Effect; Academic Achievement; Racial Integration; Performance Based Assessment; African American Students; Adolescents + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Kohortenanalyse; Rassenunterschied; Krankengymnast; Krankenhaus; Health service; Gesundheitsdienst; Gesundheitswesen; Körpergewicht; Infant; Toddler; Toddlers; Kleinkind; Mortalitätsrate; Auswertung; Longitudinal study; Longitudinal method; Longitudinal methods; Längsschnittuntersuchung; Schulleistung; Rassenintegration; Leistungsermittlung; African Americans; Student; Students; Afroamerikaner; Schüler; Schülerin; Studentin; Adolescent; Adolescence; Adoleszenz; Jugend; Jugendalter; Jugendlicher
Abstract	One literature documents a significant, black-white gap in average test scores, while another finds a substantial narrowing of the gap during the 1980's, and stagnation in convergence after. We use two data sources--the Long Term Trends NAEP and AFQT scores for the universe of applicants to the U.S. military between 1976 and 1991--to show: (1) the 1980's convergence is due to relative improvements across successive cohorts of blacks born between 1963 and the early 1970's and not a secular narrowing in the gap over time; and (2) the across-cohort gains were concentrated among blacks in the South. We then demonstrate that the timing and variation across states in the AFQT convergence closely tracks racial convergence in measures of health and hospital access in the years immediately following birth. We show that the AFQT convergence is highly correlated with post-neonatal mortality rates and not with neonatal mortality and low birth weight rates, and that this result cannot be explained by schooling desegregation and changes in family background. We conclude that investments in health through increased access at very early ages have large, long-term effects on achievement, and that the integration of hospitals during the 1960's affected the test performance of black teenagers in the 1980's. (Additional details on data used for the study are appended. Contains 38 footnotes, 11 figures and 10 tables.) (As Provided).
Anmerkungen	Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. 230 South LaSalle Street Chicago, IL 60604; Tel: 312-322-5322; Web site: http://www.chicagofed.org/
Erfasst von	ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC
Update	2017/4/10