Effect of Anchor Term on Auditory-Perceptual Ratings of Feminine and Masculine Speakers

Autor/inn/en	Houle, Nichole; Goudelias, Deanna; Lerario, Mackenzie P.; Levi, Susannah V.
Titel	Effect of Anchor Term on Auditory-Perceptual Ratings of Feminine and Masculine Speakers
Quelle	In: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 65 (2022) 6, S.2064-2080 (17 Seiten) PDF als Volltext Verfügbarkeit
Zusatzinformation	ORCID (Houle, Nichole) ORCID (Levi, Susannah V.)
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Zeitschriftenaufsatz
ISSN	1092-4388
Schlagwörter	Auditory Perception; Rating Scales; Sexual Identity; Femininity; Masculinity; Speech Communication; Acoustics; Sex Stereotypes; Cues + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Auditive Wahrnehmung; Akustische Wahrnehmung; Akustik; Rating-Skala; Geschlechtsidentität; Sexuelle Identität; Femaleness; Weiblichkeit; Männlichkeit; Stichwort
Abstract	Background: Studies investigating auditory perception of gender expression vary greatly in the specific terms applied to gender expression in rating scales. Purpose: This study examined the effects of different anchor terms on listeners' auditory perceptions of gender expression in phonated and whispered speech. Additionally, token and speaker cues were examined to identify predictors of the auditory-perceptual ratings. Method: Inexperienced listeners (n = 105) completed an online rating study in which they were asked to use one of five visual analog scales (VASs) to rate cis men, cis women, and transfeminine speakers in both phonated and whispered speech. The VASs varied by anchor term ("very female/very male," "feminine/masculine," "feminine female/masculine male," "very feminine/not at all feminine," and "not at all masculine/ very masculine"). Results: Linear mixed-effects models revealed significant two-way interactions of gender expression by anchor term and gender expression by condition. In general, the "feminine female/masculine male" scale resulted in the most extreme ratings (closest to the end points), and the "feminine/masculine" scale resulted in the most central ratings. As expected, for all speakers, whispered speech was rated more centrally than phonated speech. Additionally, ratings of phonated speech were predicted by mean fundamental frequency (f[subscript o]) within each speaker group and by smoothed cepstral peak prominence in cisgender speakers. In contrast, ratings of whispered speech, which lacks an f[subscript o], were predicted by indicators of vocal tract resonance (second formant and speaker height). Conclusions: The current results indicate that differences in the terms applied to rating scales limit generalization of results across studies. Identifying the patterns across listener ratings of gender expression provide a rationale for researchers and clinicians when making choices about terms. Additionally, beyond f[subscript o] and vocal tract resonance, predictors of listener ratings vary based on the anchor terms used to describe gender expression. (As Provided).
Anmerkungen	American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 2200 Research Blvd #250, Rockville, MD 20850. Tel: 301-296-5700; Fax: 301-296-8580; e-mail: slhr@asha.org; Web site: http://jslhr.pubs.asha.org
Erfasst von	ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC
Update	2024/1/01