The Postgraduate Premium: Revisiting Trends in Social Mobility and Educational Inequalities in Britain and America

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Autor/inn/en	Lindley, Joanne; Machin, Stephen
Institution	Sutton Trust (England)
Titel	The Postgraduate Premium: Revisiting Trends in Social Mobility and Educational Inequalities in Britain and America
Quelle	(2013), (25 Seiten) PDF als Volltext Verfügbarkeit
Sprache	englisch
Dokumenttyp	gedruckt; online; Monographie
Schlagwörter	Quantitative Daten; Foreign Countries; Social Mobility; Equal Education; Academic Degrees; Doctoral Degrees; Expectation; Gender Differences; Educational Improvement; College Graduates; Education Work Relationship; Educational Trends; Trend Analysis; Family Income; Social Class; Salary Wage Differentials; Labor Force Development; Comparative Education; Employment Patterns; National Surveys; Longitudinal Studies; United Kingdom (Great Britain); United States; National Longitudinal Survey of Youth + Suchen Sie Ihr Suchwort? Ausland; Soziale Mobilität; Degree; Degrees; Academic level graduation; Akademischer Grad; Hochschulabschluss; Doctoral degree; Doktorgrad; Expectancy; Erwartung; Geschlechterkonflikt; Teaching improvement; Unterrichtsentwicklung; Hochschulabsolvent; Hochschulabsolventin; Bildungsentwicklung; Trendanalyse; Familieneinkommen; Social classes; Soziale Klasse; Arbeitskräftebestand; Vergleichende Erziehungswissenschaft; Beschäftigungsstruktur; Longitudinal study; Longitudinal method; Longitudinal methods; Längsschnittuntersuchung; USA
Abstract	This report revisits the debate about why social mobility levels are relatively low in Great Britain and the United States of America compared to other countries. It focuses on three main areas within this debate: (1) the changing role of educational inequalities; (2) the expectation of ever higher levels of education as revealed in increasing numbers of workers holding postgraduate degrees; and (3) potential differences by gender. The following key findings are discussed: (1) Both Britain and the US have shown significant educational upgrading over time. By 2011 in Britain, the proportions of male and female graduates in the workforce converged and are now very similar. This gender convergence occurred earlier in the US (around the mid-1990s), where women workers now have higher levels of education on average than their male counterparts; (2) As these significant education upgrades have occurred, educational inequalities by family income have risen in both countries through time. This has reduced social mobility as people with the highest education levels increasingly come from richer backgrounds, whilst the relative wages of the more educated have risen; (3) There has also been an increase in the numbers of postgraduates--those staying on in higher education after obtaining their undergraduate degree. 11 per cent of people in work (aged 26-60) in Britain now hold a postgraduate qualification, up from 4 per cent in 1996; (4) In the past, employers used to accept O-levels or A-levels for many jobs. More recently, a Bachelor's degree was expected. Now, graduates seek to distinguish themselves increasingly by acquiring a postgraduate degree. But as the requirements of the labour market have become more demanding, this has exacerbated educational inequalities as workers with postgraduate degrees increasingly come from richer family backgrounds; (5) There is a significant wage premium for those with postgraduate qualifications. Somebody with a Master's can on average expect to earn £5,500 more a year--or £200,000 over a 40 year working life--than someone only holding a Bachelor's degree. In the US, the annual premium is almost twice as high--$16,500 (£10,300); (6) Women's increased education has proven to be a key factor in narrowing gender wage differentials over the last thirty years. There are now equal numbers of male and female postgraduate students in the UK, and women constitute the majority of postgraduates in the US. However, men and women have also been equally affected by changes in educational inequality in Britain, as education-related wage differentials grow; and (7) These patterns of rising wage differentials for those with the highest levels of education, coupled with rising higher educational inequality by family income, will make it harder to shift the already low levels of social mobility in Britain and America. As educational expectations grow and the economic and social position of workers with no or limited qualifications (especially men) has worsened, the need to improve the education and training of a significant section of the workforce becomes ever more important. (ERIC).
Anmerkungen	Sutton Trust. 9th Floor Millbank Tower, 21-24 Millbank, London SW1P 4QP. Tel: +44-20-7802-1660; E-mail: info@suttontrust.com; Web site: http://www.suttontrust.com/
Erfasst von	ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), Washington, DC
Update	2020/1/01